![]() ![]() Medications ( e.g., acetaminophen, amiodarone, chemotherapy drugs such as methotrexate ).Long-standing alcohol use disorder (one of the two most common causes of chronic liver disease in the US).In cases of decompensated cirrhosis, interventional procedures may be used to alleviate symptoms (e.g., paracentesis to drain ascites) or as a bridge until liver transplantation is possible. Management consists of treatment of the underlying disease (e.g., avoidance of toxic substances, antiviral drugs), adequate calorie intake, and medication for treating complications (e.g., spironolactone for ascites). A biopsy is the method of choice for confirming the diagnosis however, it is usually only performed if the results from other diagnostic modalities are inconclusive. Abdominal ultrasound typically shows shrunken, heterogeneous liver parenchyma with a nodular surface. Laboratory studies show signs of hepatocyte damage (e.g., elevated liver enzymes, hyperbilirubinemia) and/or impaired hepatic synthetic function (e.g., prolonged prothrombin time, low albumin). In severe cases, the accumulation of toxic metabolites or involvement of additional organs can lead to complications such as hepatic encephalopathy and hepatorenal syndrome ( HRS). ![]() Men may also display signs of feminization (e.g., gynecomastia, hypogonadism). Patients can present with a range of symptoms, including ascites hepatosplenomegaly and skin manifestations of cirrhosis, such as jaundice, spider angioma, and/or palmar erythema. Subsequent hepatic repair mechanisms lead to fibrosis and abnormal tissue architecture, which impair liver function. Cirrhosis is characterized by hepatic parenchymal necrosis and an inflammatory response to the underlying cause. Other causes include inflammatory or metabolic diseases, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and hemochromatosis. Cirrhosis is a condition caused by chronic damage to the liver, most commonly due to excessive alcohol consumption, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or hepatitis C. ![]()
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